Climate: | Formal, authority-oriented, competitive, judgemental | Informal, mututally respectful, consensual, collaborative, supportive |
Planning: | Primarily by teacher/curriculum developer | By participative decision-making |
Diagnosis of needs: | Primarily by teacher/curriculum developer | By mutual assessment |
Setting goals: | Primarily by teacher/curriculum developer | By mutual negotiation |
Designing a learning plan: | Content units, course syllabus, logically sequenced | Learning projects, learning contracts, sequenced in terms of readiness |
Learning activities: | Information transmission techniques, assigned readings/exercises | Inquiry projects, independent study, experiential techniques (e.g. reflective practice) |
Evaluation: | Primarily by teacher/examiner | By mutual assessment of self-collected evidence |