ProcessTeacher-directedSelf-directed
Climate:Formal, authority-oriented, competitive, judgementalInformal, mututally respectful, consensual, collaborative, supportive
Planning:Primarily by teacher/curriculum developerBy participative decision-making
Diagnosis of needs:Primarily by teacher/curriculum developerBy mutual assessment
Setting goals:Primarily by teacher/curriculum developerBy mutual negotiation
Designing a learning plan:Content units, course syllabus, logically sequencedLearning projects, learning contracts, sequenced in terms of readiness
Learning activities:Information transmission techniques, assigned readings/exercisesInquiry projects, independent study, experiential techniques (e.g. reflective practice)
Evaluation:Primarily by teacher/examinerBy mutual assessment of self-collected evidence