Class TernaryTree

  • All Implemented Interfaces:
    java.io.Serializable, java.lang.Cloneable
    Direct Known Subclasses:
    HyphenationTree

    public class TernaryTree
    extends java.lang.Object
    implements java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

    Ternary Search Tree.

    A ternary search tree is a hybrid between a binary tree and a digital search tree (trie). Keys are limited to strings. A data value of type char is stored in each leaf node. It can be used as an index (or pointer) to the data. Branches that only contain one key are compressed to one node by storing a pointer to the trailer substring of the key. This class is intended to serve as base class or helper class to implement Dictionary collections or the like. Ternary trees have some nice properties as the following: the tree can be traversed in sorted order, partial matches (wildcard) can be implemented, retrieval of all keys within a given distance from the target, etc. The storage requirements are higher than a binary tree but a lot less than a trie. Performance is comparable with a hash table, sometimes it outperforms a hash function (most of the time can determine a miss faster than a hash).

    The main purpose of this java port is to serve as a base for implementing TeX's hyphenation algorithm (see The TeXBook, appendix H). Each language requires from 5000 to 15000 hyphenation patterns which will be keys in this tree. The strings patterns are usually small (from 2 to 5 characters), but each char in the tree is stored in a node. Thus memory usage is the main concern. We will sacrifice 'elegance' to keep memory requirements to the minimum. Using java's char type as pointer (yes, I know pointer it is a forbidden word in java) we can keep the size of the node to be just 8 bytes (3 pointers and the data char). This gives room for about 65000 nodes. In my tests the English patterns took 7694 nodes and the German patterns 10055 nodes, so I think we are safe.

    All said, this is a map with strings as keys and char as value. Pretty limited!. It can be extended to a general map by using the string representation of an object and using the char value as an index to an array that contains the object values.

    See Also:
    Serialized Form
    • Nested Class Summary

      Nested Classes 
      Modifier and Type Class Description
      class  TernaryTree.Iterator  
    • Field Summary

      Fields 
      Modifier and Type Field Description
      protected static int BLOCK_SIZE  
      protected char[] eq
      Pointer to equal branch and to data when this node is a string terminator.
      protected char freenode  
      protected char[] hi
      Pointer to high branch.
      protected CharVector kv
      This vector holds the trailing of the keys when the branch is compressed.
      protected int length  
      protected char[] lo
      Pointer to low branch and to rest of the key when it is stored directly in this node, we don't have unions in java!
      protected char root  
      protected char[] sc
      The character stored in this node: splitchar.
      private static long serialVersionUID
      We use 4 arrays to represent a node.
    • Constructor Summary

      Constructors 
      Constructor Description
      TernaryTree()  
    • Method Summary

      All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods 
      Modifier and Type Method Description
      void balance()
      Balance the tree for best search performance
      java.lang.Object clone()  
      private void compact​(CharVector kx, TernaryTree map, char p)  
      int find​(char[] key, int start)  
      int find​(java.lang.String key)  
      protected void init()  
      void insert​(char[] key, int start, char val)  
      private char insert​(char p, char[] key, int start, char val)
      The actual insertion function, recursive version.
      void insert​(java.lang.String key, char val)
      Branches are initially compressed, needing one node per key plus the size of the string key.
      protected void insertBalanced​(java.lang.String[] k, char[] v, int offset, int n)
      Recursively insert the median first and then the median of the lower and upper halves, and so on in order to get a balanced tree.
      java.util.Enumeration<java.lang.String> keys()  
      boolean knows​(java.lang.String key)  
      void printStats()  
      private void redimNodeArrays​(int newsize)  
      int size()  
      static int strcmp​(char[] a, int startA, char[] b, int startB)
      Compares 2 null terminated char arrays
      static int strcmp​(java.lang.String str, char[] a, int start)
      Compares a string with null terminated char array
      static void strcpy​(char[] dst, int di, char[] src, int si)  
      static int strlen​(char[] a)  
      static int strlen​(char[] a, int start)  
      void trimToSize()
      Each node stores a character (splitchar) which is part of some key(s).
      • Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

        equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
    • Field Detail

      • serialVersionUID

        private static final long serialVersionUID
        We use 4 arrays to represent a node. I guess I should have created a proper node class, but somehow Knuth's pascal code made me forget we now have a portable language with virtual memory management and automatic garbage collection! And now is kind of late, furthermore, if it ain't broken, don't fix it.
        See Also:
        Constant Field Values
      • lo

        protected char[] lo
        Pointer to low branch and to rest of the key when it is stored directly in this node, we don't have unions in java!
      • hi

        protected char[] hi
        Pointer to high branch.
      • eq

        protected char[] eq
        Pointer to equal branch and to data when this node is a string terminator.
      • sc

        protected char[] sc

        The character stored in this node: splitchar. Two special values are reserved:

        • 0x0000 as string terminator
        • 0xFFFF to indicate that the branch starting at this node is compressed

        This shouldn't be a problem if we give the usual semantics to strings since 0xFFFF is guaranteed not to be an Unicode character.

      • kv

        protected CharVector kv
        This vector holds the trailing of the keys when the branch is compressed.
      • root

        protected char root
      • freenode

        protected char freenode
      • length

        protected int length
    • Constructor Detail

      • TernaryTree

        TernaryTree()
    • Method Detail

      • init

        protected void init()
      • insert

        public void insert​(java.lang.String key,
                           char val)
        Branches are initially compressed, needing one node per key plus the size of the string key. They are decompressed as needed when another key with same prefix is inserted. This saves a lot of space, specially for long keys.
      • insert

        public void insert​(char[] key,
                           int start,
                           char val)
      • insert

        private char insert​(char p,
                            char[] key,
                            int start,
                            char val)
        The actual insertion function, recursive version.
      • strcmp

        public static int strcmp​(char[] a,
                                 int startA,
                                 char[] b,
                                 int startB)
        Compares 2 null terminated char arrays
      • strcmp

        public static int strcmp​(java.lang.String str,
                                 char[] a,
                                 int start)
        Compares a string with null terminated char array
      • strcpy

        public static void strcpy​(char[] dst,
                                  int di,
                                  char[] src,
                                  int si)
      • strlen

        public static int strlen​(char[] a,
                                 int start)
      • strlen

        public static int strlen​(char[] a)
      • find

        public int find​(java.lang.String key)
      • find

        public int find​(char[] key,
                        int start)
      • knows

        public boolean knows​(java.lang.String key)
      • redimNodeArrays

        private void redimNodeArrays​(int newsize)
      • size

        public int size()
      • clone

        public java.lang.Object clone()
        Overrides:
        clone in class java.lang.Object
      • insertBalanced

        protected void insertBalanced​(java.lang.String[] k,
                                      char[] v,
                                      int offset,
                                      int n)
        Recursively insert the median first and then the median of the lower and upper halves, and so on in order to get a balanced tree. The array of keys is assumed to be sorted in ascending order.
      • balance

        public void balance()
        Balance the tree for best search performance
      • trimToSize

        public void trimToSize()
        Each node stores a character (splitchar) which is part of some key(s). In a compressed branch (one that only contain a single string key) the trailer of the key which is not already in nodes is stored externally in the kv array. As items are inserted, key substrings decrease. Some substrings may completely disappear when the whole branch is totally decompressed. The tree is traversed to find the key substrings actually used. In addition, duplicate substrings are removed using a map (implemented with a TernaryTree!).
      • keys

        public java.util.Enumeration<java.lang.String> keys()
      • printStats

        public void printStats()