Using as

The GNU Assembler

January 1994

The Free Software Foundation Inc. thanks The Nice Computer Company of Australia for loaning Dean Elsner to write the first (Vax) version of as for Project GNU. The proprietors, management and staff of TNCCA thank FSF for distracting the boss while they got some work done.

Copyright © 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.

H8/300

H8/500 H8/300

H8/300 H8/500

1 미리보기

as를 어떻게 부르는지 여기에 간단한 요약이 있다. 더 자세한 것을 알려면 see section 명령행 옵션.

as [ -a[dhlns][=file] ] [ -D ]  [ --defsym sym=val ]
 [ -f ] [ --help ] [ -I dir ] [ -J ] [ -K ] [ -L ]
 [ -o objfile ] [ -R ] [ --statistics ] [ -v ] [ -version ]
 [ --version ] [ -W ] [ -w ] [ -x ] [ -Z ]
 [ -Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclite | -Av9 | -Av9a ]
 [ -xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa ] [ -bump ]
 [ -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC ]
 [ -b ] [ -no-relax ]
 [ -l ] [ -m68000 | -m68010 | -m68020 | ... ]
 [ -nocpp ] [ -EL ] [ -EB ] [ -G num ] [ -mcpu=CPU ]
 [ -mips1 ] [ -mips2 ] [ -mips3 ] [ -m4650 ] [ -no-m4650 ]
 [ --trap ] [ --break ]
 [ --emulation=name ]
 [ -- | files … ]

-a[dhlns]

리스트 파일을 다양한 형식으로 출력한다.

-ad

디버깅 의사작동자의 사용을 제한하며,

-ah

하이레벨 소스를 포함한다.

-al

리스트를 출력한다.

-an

리스트에 대한 형식화 처리를 하지 않는다.

-as

심볼을 추가한다.

=file

리스트의 파일이름을 결정한다.

이러한 옵션은 조합될 수 있는데 ‘-aln’과 같이 사용하면 형식화 처리를 하지 않은 어셈블리 리스트를 출력한다. ‘=file’ 옵션은 (사용된다면) 맨 마지막에 놓여야 한다. ‘-a’는 기본으로 ‘-ahls’와 같다. 이것은 리스트와 관련된 모든 것들을 켜두는 것이다.

-D

이 옵션은 다른 어셈블러들을 호출하는 데 사용되는 스크립트 호환성을 위해서 허용된다. as에는 아무런 영향도 미치지 않는다.

-defsym sym=value

입력 파일을 어셈블하기 전에 sym 심볼을 vlaue로 정의한다. value는 정수 상수여야 한다. C에서는, ‘0x’가 앞에 오면 16진수를 나타내고, ‘0’이 앞에 오면 8진수를 나타낸다.

-f

“fast”—전처리를 생략한다.(소스가 컴파일러가 출력한 것이라고 가정한다).

--help

명령행 옵션의 요약을 출력하고 종료한다.

-I dir

.include 지시어를 위해 검색할 path에 dir 디렉토리를 추가한다.

-J

signed overflow에 대해 경고하지 않는다.

-K

장거리 위치이동에서 다른 테이블이 변경된다면 경고를 발생한다.

-L

심볼테이블에 ‘L’로 시작하는 지역 심볼을 추가한다.

-o objfile

as가 출력할 목적 파일이름을 objfile로 한다.

-R

data 섹션을 text 섹션으로 위치 시킨다.

--statistics

Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in seconds) used by assembly.

-v

-version

as 버젼을 알려준다.

--version

as 버젼을 알려주고 종료한다.

-W

경고 메세지를 나타내지 않는다.

-w

Ignored.

-x

Ignored.

-Z

Generate an object file even after errors.

-- | files …

표준입력이나 어셈블할 소스파일

The following options are available when as is configured for the Intel 80960 processor.

-ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC

Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.

-b

Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.

-no-relax

Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements; error if necessary.

The following options are available when as is configured for the Motorola 68000 series.

-l

Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.

-m68000 | -m68008 | -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030 | -m68040

| -m68302 | -m68331 | -m68332 | -m68333 | -m68340 | -mcpu32

Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target. The default is normally the 68020, but this can be changed at configuration time.

-m68881 | -m68882 | -mno-68881 | -mno-68882

The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-point coprocessor. The default is to assume a coprocessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32. Although the basic 68000 is not compatible with the 68881, a combination of the two can be specified, since it’s possible to do emulation of the coprocessor instructions with the main processor.

-m68851 | -mno-68851

The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management unit coprocessor. The default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and up.

The following options are available when as is configured for the SPARC architecture:

-Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclite | -Av9 | -Av9a

Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture.

-xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa

For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler. These options are equivalent to -Av9 and -Av9a, respectively.

-bump

Warn when the assembler switches to another architecture.

The following options are available when as is configured for a MIPS processor.

-G num

This option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced implicitly with the gp register. It is only accepted for targets that use ECOFF format, such as a DECstation running Ultrix. The default value is 8.

-EB

Generate “big endian” format output.

-EL

Generate “little endian” format output.

-mips1

-mips2

-mips3

Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level. ‘-mips1’ corresponds to the R2000 and R3000 processors, ‘-mips2’ to the R6000 processor, and ‘-mips3’ to the R4000 processor.

-m4650

-no-m4650

Generate code for the MIPS R4650 chip. This tells the assembler to accept the ‘mad’ and ‘madu’ instruction, and to not schedule ‘nop’ instructions around accesses to the ‘HI’ and ‘LO’ registers. ‘-no-m4650’ turns off this option.

-mcpu=CPU

Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu. This has little effect on the assembler, but it is passed by gcc.

--emulation=name

This option causes as to emulated as configured for some other target, in all respects, including output format (choosing between ELF and ECOFF only), handling of pseudo-opcodes which may generate debugging information or store symbol table information, and default endianness. The available configuration names are: ‘mipsecoff’, ‘mipself’, ‘mipslecoff’, ‘mipsbecoff’, ‘mipslelf’, ‘mipsbelf’. The first two do not alter the default endianness from that of the primary target for which the assembler was configured; the others change the default to little- or big-endian as indicated by the ‘b’ or ‘l’ in the name. Using ‘-EB’ or ‘-EL’ will override the endianness selection in any case.

This option is currently supported only when the primary target as is configured for is a MIPS ELF or ECOFF target. Furthermore, the primary target or others specified with ‘--enable-targets=…’ at configuration time must include support for the other format, if both are to be available. For example, the Irix 5 configuration includes support for both.

Eventually, this option will support more configurations, with more fine-grained control over the assembler’s behavior, and will be supported for more processors.

-nocpp

as ignores this option. It is accepted for compatibility with the native tools.

--trap

--no-trap

--break

--no-break

Control how to deal with multiplication overflow and division by zero. ‘--trap’ or ‘--no-break’ (which are synonyms) take a trap exception (and only work for Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher); ‘--break’ or ‘--no-trap’ (also synonyms, and the default) take a break exception.

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